Legal Aid Service

[HRA]

Dear friends,

I am a final year law student in one of the main 4 legal institiutions who give legal education to the society. therefore I thought to start a thread for the EK members who need legal aid and advices. so if you have any problems which related to the legal side I am gladly willing to help you.

So post here your problems(if its too private to post here pls PM me) and I will reply to them as I can.:yes:

and If there are lawyers and law students in Elakiri Join with me.Specially if there are law students we can discuss our educational matters also.so join with me.:yes:



P.S: I can't stay online for longtime.so I will reply you as soon as I can

[Mal Aiyya]

Good good~

Any knowledge about Cyber laws?

[mission]

nice

[HRA]

Good good~

Any knowledge about Cyber laws?

do you mean laws relating to the internet computers, softwares?, if its so there are no any law regarding that in sri lanaka.
but there are few exceptions
like " Buddimaya depala"(interlectual property law)

[gayan kalhara]

good thread, I have lot of questions in soft licensing(GPL/BSD/LGPL), can you help me ?

[HRA]

good thread, I have lot of questions in soft licensing(GPL/BSD/LGPL), can you help me ?

please be more specific machan, I want to know what exactly do you want to know as I am not familier with GPL/BSD/LGPL.

[gayan kalhara]

please be more specific machan, I want to know what exactly do you want to know as I am not familier with GPL/BSD/LGPL. mm I C, :( those are FREE Software Licenses, I wanna know how they r working in SL, and how can we act in a License Violation, My major quiz, I wanna Combine GPL ver 2 Soft with a GPL 3 one. is dat illegal?, i know GPL 2 and 3 r nt compatible, so wht can i do ?

[HRA]

mm I C, :( those are FREE Software Licenses, I wanna know how they r working in SL, and how can we act in a License Violation, My major quiz, I wanna Combine GPL ver 2 Soft with a GPL 3 one. is dat illegal?, i know GPL 2 and 3 r nt compatible, so wht can i do ?

did you got these license from some software company isn't it? if that so is it a sri lanakn company? and when you got license did you enter any agreemant ?if that so you have to check whats in the agreemant.
me agreemant eka noyek types walin wenna pluwan directly eka agreemant ekak wage nowunata. (just like a privacy policy)

machan if u enter agreemant with the software company every thing depends on that agreemant.

[coolshano]

wow nice.....

[[DC]ASW]

Maxxaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

[kosandpol]

do you mean laws relating to the internet computers, softwares?, if its so there are no any law regarding that in sri lanaka.
but there are few exceptions
like " Buddimaya depala"(interlectual property law)
dude! read your law books again!!
or better yet, buy NEW law books and read them!
There ARE laws relating to internet, computers and software laws in SL.

[kosandpol]

did you got these license from some software company isn't it? if that so is it a sri lanakn company? and when you got license did you enter any agreemant ?if that so you have to check whats in the agreemant.
me agreemant eka noyek types walin wenna pluwan directly eka agreemant ekak wage nowunata. (just like a privacy policy)

machan if u enter agreemant with the software company every thing depends on that agreemant.
I see that you know nothing about IP laws related to software.

[gayan kalhara]

did you got these license from some software company isn't it? if that so is it a sri lanakn company? and when you got license did you enter any agreemant ?if that so you have to check whats in the agreemant.
me agreemant eka noyek types walin wenna pluwan directly eka agreemant ekak wage nowunata. (just like a privacy policy)

machan if u enter agreemant with the software company every thing depends on that agreemant.

na GPL kiyanne universal FREE soft license ekak, EULA eka meekata sambanda na. (EULA ekath podi link ekak thiyenava thamai, mokada GPL (or other license) ekath ekka thamai EULA eka liyavenne

hari eeka paththakin thiyamu

Lankaave buddimaya deepala panathata Digital media ayithi venava neda?

meeka ape SBU (sinhala bloggers union) eke aapu gataluwak

api ape blogs vala daana articles samahara blogs valin vageema Digital magazine (hariyatama kiyanava nam Roo mag eken) horakam karala, kisima credit ekak denne nathuwa eyaalage kiyala pala karala salli hoyanava

ape blogs creative common law valin cover karala thiyenne, eeke hatiyata api non commercial purposes valata vitharak Copy karanna denava, habai credits ekka

eeth me mags valain ape artical yodaagena salli hoyanava

meekata apita ganna puluwan legal action eka mokadda?

api clues hatiyata monavada denna oone ?, digital media usaaviyakadi pili gannavada ?

[kosandpol]

api ape blogs vala daana articles samahara blogs valin vageema Digital magazine (hariyatama kiyanava nam Roo mag eken) horakam karala, kisima credit ekak denne nathuwa eyaalage kiyala pala karala salli hoyanava

Explicitly state what copyright laws are active for your blogs, in your blog's main page. Then they cannot claim ignorance in the matter.

[gayan kalhara]

I see that you know nothing about IP laws related to software.

can u hlp on dis

http://www.elakiri.com/forum/showpost.php?p=4659669&postcount=7

can i convert that combination (GPL2/GPL3) into GPL3 one,

ya its nt necessary for a simple soft, but ....

[kosandpol]

can u hlp on dis

http://www.elakiri.com/forum/showpost.php?p=4659669&postcount=7

can i convert that combination (GPL2/GPL3) into GPL3 one,

ya its nt necessary for a simple soft, but ....
well, I dont know much about either GPL2 or 3 but as far as what I've seen on the net, GPL2 offers more freedom over 3.
As for converting the license, yes you can convert from one to the other. The difference is in the limits either license sets.

[gayan kalhara]

Explicitly state what copyright laws are active for your blogs, in your blog's main page. Then they cannot claim ignorance in the matter.

is dat creative common Statement will do dat ?

but they JUST IGNORE :(

we r planing to take sm actions couz dis is nt the 1st tym, but we dun hv a enough law direction (well, we can't pay anyone :))

[gayan kalhara]

well, I dont know much about either GPL2 or 3 but as far as what I've seen on the net, GPL2 offers more freedom over 3.
As for converting the license, yes you can convert from one to the other. The difference is in the limits either license sets.
mm I C

so da LGPL come handy :P :D (well as M$ say, nt me :D)

any law info sites u know ?? (beside Google OK :D)

[BRAINY]

dude! read your law books again!!
or better yet, buy NEW law books and read them!
There ARE laws relating to internet, computers and software laws in SL.



Machan,

have a look at this !. What he has mentioned there is true.



INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR) PROTECTION

In 2003, Sri Lanka’s new intellectual property law – governing copyrights, patents, trademarks, and
industrial design – came into force. Under the new law, IPR infringement is a criminal offense and IPR
infringement is subject to both criminal and civil jurisdiction. Sri Lanka also passed a new Computer
Crimes Act in 2007 strengthening Sri Lanka’s IPR regime pertaining to software.

Notwithstanding the new laws, weak IPR enforcement remains a problem. Piracy levels are very high for
sound recordings and software. According to a study commissioned in 2006 by the Business Software
Alliance, 90 percent of personal computers in Sri Lanka used pirated software. The study estimated retail
revenue losses of $86 million in 2006 (latest data available) due to software piracy. Further, government
use of unauthorized software continues to be a problem.

Redress through the courts for IPR infringement is often a frustrating and time-consuming process.
While police can take action against counterfeiting and piracy without complaints by rights holders, they
rarely do so. In 2008, the Business Software Alliance successfully worked with government authorities to
increase prosecutions for IPR infringement in the software sector. In the apparel sector, right holders
have scored some legal successes in combating trademark counterfeiting.

The Sri Lankan Government’s Director of Intellectual Property along with international experts has begun
IPR legal and enforcement training for customs, judicial and police officials. The U.S. Embassy, the
American Chamber of Commerce of Sri Lanka, and the European Chamber of Commerce are also
working with the government of Sri Lanka to improve enforcement, provide enforcement training, and
enhance public awarenes

[kosandpol]

is dat creative common Statement will do dat ?

but they JUST IGNORE :(

we r planing to take sm actions couz dis is nt the 1st tym, but we dun hv a enough law direction (well, we can't pay anyone :))
Better explicitly state the licenses as a link in your main page. After that write to the same paper and other papers explaining what they are doing.
Also contact the Sunday observer ombudsman. He can help you in terms of legal help.

[kosandpol]

Machan,

have a look at this !. What he has mentioned there is true.
um, why are you telling this to me ?
BTW, have you read the computer crimes act of 2007 ?

[HRA]

na GPL kiyanne universal FREE soft license ekak, EULA eka meekata sambanda na. (EULA ekath podi link ekak thiyenava thamai, mokada GPL (or other license) ekath ekka thamai EULA eka liyavenne

hari eeka paththakin thiyamu

Lankaave buddimaya deepala panathata Digital media ayithi venava neda?

meeka ape SBU (sinhala bloggers union) eke aapu gataluwak

api ape blogs vala daana articles samahara blogs valin vageema Digital magazine (hariyatama kiyanava nam Roo mag eken) horakam karala, kisima credit ekak denne nathuwa eyaalage kiyala pala karala salli hoyanava

ape blogs creative common law valin cover karala thiyenne, eeke hatiyata api non commercial purposes valata vitharak Copy karanna denava, habai credits ekka

eeth me mags valain ape artical yodaagena salli hoyanava

meekata apita ganna puluwan legal action eka mokadda?

api clues hatiyata monavada denna oone ?, digital media usaaviyakadi pili gannavada ?


okkkk

Machan I am not an expertise on the Intellectual Property laws related to the software especially about general public license as it is a separate new branch of law. My Fields are criminal, Human Rights, family matters, Administrative matters of the government, Land matters, Environmental matters,

But I will show you some directions
You can go before commercial high court (Colombo High court is the only commercial high court in Sri Lanka) which has intellectual property jurisdiction under high court of the provinces (special provisions) act no 10 of 1996 act and INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Act No. 36 of 2003 against the digital magazines and Blogs.

But these cases related internet and computer totally new to the legal system of sri lanka and there are no expertise lawyers for this field {there are few but their charges are very high)

But machan as I said you can go before the high courts claiming that your intellectual property rights have violated but burden of proof vested with you. So you have to prove that your IP rights violated. It’s very complicated. I think you know this better than me as I am not aware with technical proceedings regarding your particular case.

Machan oyata puluwan nam oyage creations or articles or softwares thamange mag wlai blog wlai dagena salli hamba karanne ahawal person or institution kiyala then it will be ok.
For example api hithamu elakiri eken oyage dewal publish karanwa kiyala. But to whom against your case going to file. Oya wage practicle difiiculties thiyenawa. Machan still in sri lanka laws are not developed regarding these matters.

and yes machan digital media evidance widihata warthamanaye courts accept karanawa.but sometimes computer evidence isn't consider as under Evidence Ordinance. eka macha case awasthanugath karunu anuwai theeranaya karanne

If you want more information contact national intellectual property office sri lanka. They are the expertises regarding your case.

Here is the contact details

3rd Floor, "Samagam Medura"
400, D.R.Wijewardena Mawatha
Colombo 10.

Tel : +94 (011) 2689368
Fax: +94 (011) 2689367

Email - [email protected]
Web -www. nipo.gov.lk

[HRA]

I see that you know nothing about IP laws related to software.

Honestly I agree with you yes I don't know much about IP laws related to software as I am not specialized that branch which totally new to the legal system of sri lanka



dude! read your law books again!!
or better yet, buy NEW law books and read them!
There ARE laws relating to internet, computers and software laws in SL.

but here machan I am still in the same positin machan
yes computer crime act passed in 2007 but the minister took nearly 1 year to take it in to operation. but 90% of the act can not practically enforciable,there is no implementation of the Act up to date due to various shortcomings of the Administration of the country such as public unawareness of the existence of the Act, shortage of experts, trained Police officers to investigate offences under the Act, non-availability of computer forensic laboratories.. I think you know better than me about this difficulties as you read the whole act. 09 th january 2009 Chief Justice Mr. sarath N Silva took the same conclusion writing article to LBO(lanka business online)
Therefore my friend there is no need read my law books agian I think.but defenitly I will buy new law books to learn about GPLs and intellectual property rights related to software

[ChuttaFX]

nice thread. :D a few questions here.

Is there any law against software piracy in Sri Lanka? We can't make a copy of an Audio CD legally and many CD shop owners are afraid of it. But they copy & sell more than 100s of CD copies of commerical software appliction a day. Can someone take a legal action against them or us who use pirated softwares? How will be upcoming laws on this? Will we have stop using pirated copies of them?

[kosandpol]

nice thread. :D a few questions here.

Is there any law against software piracy in Sri Lanka? We can't make a copy of an Audio CD legally and many CD shop owners are afraid of it. But they copy & sell more than 100s of CD copies of commerical software appliction a day. Can someone take a legal action against them or us who use pirated softwares? How will be upcoming laws on this? Will we have stop using pirated copies of them?
short answer : YES.
There are laws against copy right infringement and IP laws and the 2007 computer crimes act covers software piracy as well. Unity and some other CD shops got raided for pirate software CDs as well as some other places.

[ChuttaFX]

short answer : YES.
There are laws against copy right infringement and IP laws and the 2007 computer crimes act covers software piracy as well. Unity and some other CD shops got raided for pirate software CDs as well as some other places.
Thanks for this info. :D

[HRA]

short answer : YES.
There are laws against copy right infringement and IP laws and the 2007 computer crimes act covers software piracy as well. Unity and some other CD shops got raided for pirate software CDs as well as some other places.

I agree with you on your short answer yes.
but my friend some cd shops in colombo got raided under only IP laws("intellectual property act") not under computer crime act.why computer crime act doesn't cover software piracy.CCA covers crimes such as hacking,acts which endanger national security related to computers,using illegal devices and etc.but not software piracy

As I mentioned earlier CCA still noting to do with computers(future we hope that government will take appropriate actions to enforce it) as there is no implementation of the Act up to date due to various shortcomings of the Administration of the country such as public unawareness of the existence of the Act, shortage of experts, trained Police officers to investigate offences under the Act, non-availability of computer forensic laboratories.

[kmdp]

:oo: ape rata marune katawath computer prashna ara wena mukuth na wage??????????

[gayan kalhara]

:oo: ape rata marune katawath computer prashna ara wena mukuth na wage??????????


aa thava ekak thiyenava. oya vage paankadayo Fake ID valin ena ekath prashnayak :D :D :P

[gayan kalhara]

:oo: ape rata marune katawath computer prashna ara wena mukuth na wage??????????


aa thava ekak thiyenava. oya vage paankadayo Fake ID valin ena ekath prashnayak :D :D :P

what i said was wrong. Extremely sorry ayya.

WELCOME TO EK http://www.elakiri.com/forum/images/icons/sq/11.gifhttp://www.elakiri.com/forum/images/icons/sq/11.gif

[kmdp]

what i said was wrong. Extremely sorry ayya.

WELCOME TO EK http://www.elakiri.com/forum/images/icons/sq/11.gifhttp://www.elakiri.com/forum/images/icons/sq/11.gif
brother mama aiya neme akka...

[gayan kalhara]

brother mama aiya neme akka...

wooof sorry. sis

[USB]

I like to learn law, and i wish to sit for law entrance.
campus yana gaman law college yanna puluwanda.

[HRA]

I like to learn law, and i wish to sit for law entrance.
campus yana gaman law college yanna puluwanda.
yes machan ehema karana aya godak innawa. thats no prob.
only thing lectures attendance thiyenna ona.

law enterance walata CFPS ekata yanna.

law enterence try karana gaman Open university eke LL.B enterance ekatath try karanna
good luck

[Nash_Node]

Ah.. My field !

Anyways.. I never give legal advices for free !

Then again, I will always advice as a human on the paths and ways you can be protected by law... and the way to break it as well !

So, in short.

Never ask me a law question if you are not ready to take a blunt and a short answer which is no where near any legal standard !

[nelik]

elazzzzzzzzzzzzz

[USB]

Ah.. My field !

Anyways.. I never give legal advices for free !

Then again, I will always advice as a human on the paths and ways you can be protected by law... and the way to break it as well !

So, in short.

Never ask me a law question if you are not ready to take a blunt and a short answer which is no where near any legal standard !


what is the different between Law Entrance , Open University LLB, and UOC Law faculty.i cant understand it.machan what is the easy way OUSL LLB or Law entrance.

[kosandpol]

Ah.. My field !

Anyways.. I never give legal advices for free !


Typical blood sucking lawyer..

[HRA]

what is the different between Law Entrance , Open University LLB, and UOC Law faculty.i cant understand it.machan what is the easy way OUSL LLB or Law entrance.
machan both law faculty of university of colombo and OUSL give the LL.B degree. LL.B degree isn't a professional qualification to practice as a lawyer.its a degree. both UOC and OUSL ll.b students must do the Law college final exam after completing their degree. law college is the institute who gives the attorney-at-law. without attorney-at-law qualification no one can practice as lawyer or legal officer even he or she has a LL.B degree.

both ll.b and law enterance exam are not easy as they are very competitive.but LL.B enterence eaasy than the Law college enterence.coz LL.B enternce less competitive than law college enterence.(mokada machan law college ekata wada 100 k withara wadipura studentsla enternce eken pass karana nisa)



e nisa machan if u have a dream to be a lawyer try both OUSL LL.B enterence and Law college enternce

[Nash_Node]

Typical blood sucking lawyer..

Show me a Doctor giving free prescriptions !

[x-pert]

Typical blood sucking lawyer..

:lol::lol: Agreed. :rofl: Typical SOB Nash_Node :P

But again, Some wise guy have said that never offer any service for free which you're good at ;)

[massina]

Thanks bro... A good attempt...

[kosandpol]

Show me a Doctor giving free prescriptions !
go to any govt. hospital.

[lolipro]

Good thread machang nice work ..............

[AttorneyCompany]

Doctors who insist on looking beyond the symptoms of disease and illness make people in high places nervous.
Their medical knowledge gives them credibility. Their role as healers gives them influence. When they challenge government policy, corporate practices or societal values, people listen.
Western society has a long tradition of doctors speaking out against poor sanitation, environmental degradation, war, oppression and poverty and unhealthy products.
Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, for instance, played an instrumental role in restricting tobacco use. Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War helped push the disarmament movement into the political mainstream. Pediatrician Fraser Mustard has been a powerful champion for early childhood education. And Toronto's medical officer of health, David McKeowan, has repeatedly pointed that people who can't afford to eat properly get sick.
Dr. Peter Ubel of the University of Michigan is part of this activist minority. He is taking on nothing less than capitalism itself.

[lanasingh]

I am posting on behalf of another claimant who wishes to go to Review regarding his entitlements.

Can someone please tell me what Lawyers in Akl. are undertaking Legal Aid work for ACC matters.

Also need some names of good Spinal Specialists in Akl. for a Report. Please advise.
Sorry for offtop: viagra triangle (http://www.healthcentral.com/bipolar/c/762765/profile)

[senator]

dude! read your law books again!!
or better yet, buy NEW law books and read them!
There ARE laws relating to internet, computers and software laws in SL.

You are right. There are such laws in Sri Lanka.

Yes, even 'Buddhimaya Depola' (Intellectual Property) laws have some relevance to Internet and Cyber matters.

[senator]

Also contact the Sunday observer ombudsman. He can help you in terms of legal help.

The Daily News also carries a weekly column on Legal Aid where they give advice.

[yakshaya]

i have a coursework on contributory negligence+insolvency. can you write that for me :)

'nyway keep it up the good work.

[HRA]

i have a coursework on contributory negligence+insolvency. can you write that for me :)

'nyway keep it up the good work.

Yes I can help you on this

I assume that you know what the negligence means and how its connected with the contributory negligence. Contributory negligence is one of the defences to the negeligence. Other main defence is voluntary assumption of risk which is a separate topic under the law of delict.
First of all I will discuss the statute law regarding the contributory negligence. contributory negligence in English law and sri lankan law is now governed by the law reform(contributory negligence) act of 1945 and the law reform (contributory negligence and joint wrongdoers) act no 12 of 1968 respectivly. The relevant setions of these acts are almost identical.
Part 1of the sri lankan act provided provision for the contributory negligence. Section 3(1)(a) of part 1 of the act states that,
“Where any person suffers damage which is caused partly by his own fault and partly by the fault of any other person, a claim in respect of that damage shall not be defeated by reason only of the fault of the claimant, but the damages recoverable in respect thereof shall be reduced by the court to such extent as the court may deem just and equitable having regard to the degree in which the claimant was at fault in relation to the damage.”
And section 3(1)(b) states that
“Damage shall, for the purpose of paragraph (a) of this sub-section, be regarded as having been caused by a person's fault, notwithstanding the fact that any other person had an opportunity of avoiding the consequences thereof and negligently failed to do so.”
It must be noted that statute law now governs the consequences of contributory negligence and is irrelevant to the question whether the pliantif was infact guilty of such negligence, which question continues to be decided according to the rules of common law.

Now it is important to consider what constitutes contributory negligence. It shoul be noted that contributory negligence of a plaintiff isn’t synonymous with the negligence of the defendant. In establishing the negligence of the defendant it is essential to show that he wes in breach of a duty of care towards the plaintiff. In providing contributory negligence, the question of duty of care dose not arise and all that is required is that the pliantif failed to take reasonable care of himself.
While in many instances the plaintiff’s negligence may have contributed to the accident which took place, this is nota an essential element of contributory negligence. It is necceray to prove that his conduct contributed to the damage which he sufferd.ex: a motor cyclist riding without a helmat maybe involved in an accident through not fault of his own. But if it can be proved that his lack of helmet contributed to the injuries he suffred, the compensation awreded him will be reduced accordingly.
On the other hand it must also established that the negligent conduct of the plaintiff, exposed him to the pariculer injury which was infact caused to him.in the case of aforementioned motor cyclist, if he has sufferd broken limbs rather than head injuries, his lack of helmet would be immaterial and the question of contributory negligence wouldnot arise.(see also dictum of Krester Judge in the case of Fernando vs Rode -41 N.L.R 8 at P.11)

Assuming now that negligence on the part of the plaintiff has been proved, tha next thing the defendant has to prove is that negligence contributed to the accident. For that purpose read the Jones vs Livox Quarries ltd-(1952) 2 Q.B 608.
The satndered of care expected of a plaintiff is an objective one and is generally the same as that required of the defendant when assessing his negligence(read the Lord denings dictum of Jones vs Livox Quarries ltd)

As with other areas of negligence the standered of care required of the plaintiff will depend on the circumstances and there are certain recognized situations in which the plaintiff will not be held to have acted unreasonably
1. Pliatiff’s right to assume absence of danger-in the firstplace a plaintiff is entitled to assume that other s will act with due regard for his safty and need not take precautions against remort possibilities of danger.(gee vs metropolitan railway-L.R 8 Q.B 161)
2. The dilemma principle- where the plaintiff has been frighthend or agitated by danger caused by the defendants conduct he will not be penalized for error of judgment made in the circumstances.see Jones vs Boyce
3. Children and Disabled persons


And finally burden of proving contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff is always on the defendant.(read the dictum of Kanakarathna J in perera vs Charles-49 N.L.R 39)


this is short brief of contributory negligence.i think this will help you to do your course work. if you need anthing more don't hesitate to ask.and about insolvency ,tell me the perview of the insolvency that you need to know

[HRA]

You are right. There are such laws in Sri Lanka.

Yes, even 'Buddhimaya Depola' (Intellectual Property) laws have some relevance to Internet and Cyber matters.
Machan I agree with you and I already mentioned about intellectual property law earlier. What I said was there is no separate branch of law relevance to Internet and Cyber matters.

do you mean laws relating to the internet computers, softwares?, if its so there are no any law regarding that in sri lanaka.
but there are few exceptions
like " Buddimaya depala"(interlectual property law)


but machan kosandpol meant here is not only about the IPL’s but also computer crimes act 2007. As I mentioned earlier this act can’t implement. It can not practically enforceable.why? I gave reasons for that in my previous posts.
It is like this
Imagine there two acts called A and B both are enacted
But
A can’t implement= a useless ,negative law=not a real law(why can’t implement)
B can implement= usefull,positive law=a real law

[yakshaya]

thnx a lot for the contributory negligence details.

i think contribution can extend to other parties other than the plantiff. for example a building owner when sue a contractor for negligence, the contractor in turn can bring the designer also in to the scene for contribution. in uk the latest act is civil liability (contributions ) act 1978.the same damage issue comes in this situation.

insolvency a little later.

[sherlock]

elaazzzz

[HRA]

thnx a lot for the contributory negligence details.

i think contribution can extend to other parties other than the plantiff. for example a building owner when sue a contractor for negligence, the contractor in turn can bring the designer also in to the scene for contribution. in uk the latest act is civil liability (contributions ) act 1978.the same damage issue comes in this situation.

insolvency a little later.
machan I think you mixed up negligence with Contributory negligence.in your example in the part of the contractors negligence is towards the building owner and designers negligence towards the contractor. in here contributin is the defence use agianst the building owner by contracter and designer against contractor.